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One in particular belongs to a civil servant in British India, Gilbert Walker, who had a meteorological epiphany in 1924 that helped secure what would become the Pacific’s reputation as weather maker for the world. Many names are associated with the research that confirmed this. They simply vanished from Peru.Įarly on it was nothing more than the change of current, this unusual warming of the sea, that came to be named El Niño-and it remained so until oceanographers and climatologists in the mid-twentieth century realized that the change of currents off Peru was just one of many features of a much larger and more important phenomenon, one that had its impact across the entire breadth of the ocean. The fish then went elsewhere, well beyond the ken of the Peruvian fishermen. Instead they are replaced, or nudged farther out to sea, by an irruption of warm water that bullies its way down from the equator-and in the case of the anchoveta, this warm water smothered the upwelling of nutrients on which the little fish fed.
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What happened was that the cold waters of the Humboldt Current, part of the normal pattern of Pacific circulation that powerfully sweeps Antarctic waters northward up along the South American coast before the waters head west along the equator, become on occasion mysteriously disrupted.
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The term El Niño first appeared in the English language at the end of the nineteenth century-and not so much because of the fishermen’s melancholia, but as a name for the change in the current in the waters below.